Sufism

Sufism is a mystical school of Islam. Sufism is defined as mysticism or as perennial philosophy that predates religion, and there are other definitions.

Tariqas (Orders)
The most prominent sufi orers are Naqshbandi, Chisti, Qadiri, Mavlevi, Nimatullahi, Bektashi, Avlevi, Oveysi, Burhani, Qalandari, Sawari Qadiris, Shadhili, and others..

The Sufis believe that the orders of Sufism came after Prophet Muhammad after many years and believe that the Prophet (saw) taught those closests to him knowledge and that this was passed on to the sufi sheikhs until today.

Many well known Sufi sheikhs are Abdul Qadir al Jilani, Bahudan Naqshband, (Naqshandiyya founder) Khawaja Muin al-din Hasan Chishti, (Chistiyya founder), Abul Hasan Shadhili (Shadhiliyya founder), Ahmad Faruqi Sirhindi Mujaddid,(Mujaddidiyya) and Sultan Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir (Jahangiriyya). Sufis beleive these people founded their orders.

Beliefs

 * Like all Muslims, Sufis believe the Quran is the word of God revealed to Muhammad though Gabriel.
 * Ibn Arabi was a Sufi who taught Wahdul Wajud (Unity of God with his Creation). This lead many Muslim scholars to declare Ibn Arabi to be a kafir (disbeliever). Ibn Arabi was killed by the Abbasid caliphs. Sufis call Ibn Arabi "Sheikh al Akbar (The Great Sheikh).
 * Early Sufis believed in Asceticism.
 * Sufis believe in focusing on Man's relationship with God. Sufis believe that God alone has absolute reality and that everything else is unreal.
 * Fitra (natural disposition) is being directed towards God instilled in humans by God. Sufis believe to best way to earn God's pleasure is to come back to natural disposition through training and detaching from wordly things.
 * Like all Muslims, Sufis believe purpose of life is to worship God.
 * Sufis believe in uniting oneself with God. They believe in understanding the Ultimate Reality by seeing over the unreality. In Sufism the relationship is seen of being between the beloved one and the lover which was stated by al Rumi.
 * Sufis believe in a veil between Man and God. Sufis wish to remove the veil and spend their lives trying to get to closer and understand God.
 * They believe in trying to see God in this life
 * Sufis believe suffering is from being away from God
 * Sufis believe on the Day of Judgement that all veils of Reality will be uplifted.
 * Sufis believe death is awakening to the endless self disclosures of reality.
 * Sufis believe in Paradise and Hell, like all other Muslims do.

Resources
1. Muslim Philosophy

2, Spiritual Foundation

3. Patheos (Sufism)